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Newfoundland and Labrador (pronounced /njufndlnd nd lbrdr/; French: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, Irish: Talamh an isc agus Labradar, Latin: Terra Nova) is a province of Canada on the country's Atlantic coast in northeastern North America. This easternmost Canadian province comprises two main parts: the island of Newfoundland off the country's eastern coast, and Labrador on the mainland to the northwest of the island.
A former colony and dominion of the United Kingdom, it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on 31 March 1949, named simply as Newfoundland. Since 1964, the province's government has referred to itself as the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, and on 6 December 2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province's official name to Newfoundland and Labrador. In day-to-day conversation, however, Canadians generally still refer to the province itself as Newfoundland and to the region on the Canadian mainland as Labrador.
As of July 2010, the province's population is estimated to be 509,739. Approximately 94% of the province's population resides on the Island of Newfoundland (including its associated smaller islands), of which roughly half live on the southern Avalon Peninsula. The Island of Newfoundland has its own dialects of the English, French, and Irish languages. The English dialect in Labrador shares much with that of Newfoundland. Labrador also has its own dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut.
While the name Newfoundland is derived from English as "New Found Land" (a translation from the Latin Terra Nova), Labrador comes from Portuguese lavrador, a title meaning "landholder / ploughman" held by Portuguese explorer of the region Joo Fernandes Lavrador.
Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two geographical divisions, Labrador and island of Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands.
Newfoundland is roughly triangular, with each side being approximately 400km (250 mi), and has an area of 108,860km2 (42,030 sqmi). Newfoundland and its associated small islands have a total area of 111,390km2 (43,010 sqmi). Newfoundland extends between latitudes 4636'N and 5138'N.
Labrador is an irregular shape: the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, the rest belong to Quebec. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 6022'N, shares a short border with Nunavut. Labradors area (including associated small islands) is 294,330km2 (113,640 sqmi). Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4.06% of Canadas area.
Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland. Gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundland's west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains.
The north-south extent of the province (4636'N to 6022'N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province. Northern Labrador is classified as a polar tundra climate, southern Labrador is considered to be a subarctic climate while most of Newfoundland would be considered to have a humid continental climate, Dfb: Cool summer subtype.
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